第一段：cotton在6000年前首次被种植，后来传到世界各地。

第二段：棉花和籽的分离称作ginning。

Egyptian cotton: longest fiber

American South沿海: Longer-staple

American South中部：shorter-staple

shorter-staple这个类型棉花和籽的分离费时费力，以前是由slaves来做。

第三段：Eli Whitley发明了cotton ginning, 大大提高了效率。他有两个发明，一是cotton gin, 二是促进mass production的interchangeable parts。于耶鲁毕业后，EW去Georgia seek fortune on plantation.  He was introduced to invent cotton gin. （这段还详细说了cotton gin是如何工作的）。一天可以获得50 pounds of clean cotton, 大大提高效率。

第四段：但是他的发明is simple and easy to copy, 所以他没有因此赚到很多钱。后来他manufacture and install the gins, 但是the plant was resent by planters.

第五段：后来由于他的social and political connection, 得到deliver 10000 muskets的机会。然后发明了interchangeable parts, 也就是一个人负责一个零部件，这些零部件is interchangeable and can be assembled, 提高工作效率。这成为了heart of mass production, which was further developed by Henry Ford. Whitney 的晚年一直致力于提升interchangeability。

地球在形成的时候，本质上就是分了层的，这些物质都是太阳系当中的尘埃慢慢聚合而成的。地球在形成的过程当中，随着物质的撞击与聚合，会产生很多的热量，在引力的作用下，整个地球变得越来越紧密。地球本身的放射性物质也会产生热量，而且某些地层绝缘或不导热，因此局部地壳积攒的热量就特别多。

经历了一段时间之后，地球当中的一些金属元素就慢慢的来到了地心，变成液态，形成磁场，磁场的作用之一就是阻挡太阳风对地球造成的破坏。

综上原因，地球的中心会有非常高的温度

欧洲蒸汽机的出现促发了最早的工业雏形，这些工厂一开始全都开在城市里面，工人也都是各种各样的手工业者，但是很快手工业者组成了工会，公司的成本逐渐加大。

后来这些工厂主就慢慢的把工厂搬到了乡下，好处一是乡下的工人工资低廉，另外一个原因是这些乡下的工人可以把活带回家，让全家人一起来干活。最后还有工厂主给工人提供生产原料和生产工具，让他们直接在家里生产。

流水线的出现导致生产效率更高，因此整个工厂又从乡村搬回到了城市当中。到最后流水线生产速度越来越快，各种标准越来越严格。因此那些工人就得去遵守各种各样的严格的时间表。

有个地壳构成的图片。间歇泉形成的条件有二，一是地壳要有裂缝，二是地下有高温液体。crack下面很深的地方有很高温的液体，表面的液体cool down，但是因为裂缝很窄，表面的冷液体不能和下面的超高温mix，top surface liquid 给下面的液体很大的pressure，所以下面会升温，然后top surface的液体会有bubble spilled out，直到全部喷完，然后又有液体流回crack里面，然后再喷，形成一个循环。

第 1 段 : 最近十几年海洋当中水母的数量特别多，在过去100年水母数量特别多，只出现了三次，但是最近的十几年几乎每年都会出现水母数量特别多的情况。Whether we should worry about the increasing jellyfish population. On the one hand, prey population increases and water temperature changes; on the other hand, it occurs in many places. Then take Japan as example, whose jellyfish population drifted to the sea has raised up to 500 million each day.

第 2 段 : 指出导致 jellyfish population 增加的因素，其一是人们对 seafood 的喜爱导致 overfishing，其中很多种是jellyfish的predators或者competitor，举例沙丁鱼和水母吃同样的事物，人们对沙丁鱼的疯狂捕捞会使得水母有了更多的食物来源。

第 3 段：指出另一个因素是 jellyfish's thrive features: global warming and acidification.全球的海水的温度在升高，温度越高越利于水母的繁殖，而且酸性越高也利于水母的繁殖。

第 4 段：海水富营养化eutrophication。

第 5 段：other aquatic life forms cannot exist, 但是 jellyfish 有几个特征使得其能生存：good survival rates, rapid reproduce and low oxygen level。

第 6 段：benefits from globalization.水母有能力依附在轮船上，然后跟着轮船去新的栖息地。

Text review 

Increasing Jellyfish Population

Scientists have had a tough time trying to discover whether recent increases in jellyfish populations are really worth worrying about. On the one hand, jellyfish are known to proliferate rapidly in response to positive changes in prey abundance or environmental conditions such as water temperature and sunlight. The size of these blooms can vary from year to year. On the other hand, these population explosions are occurring in many places on a scale now widely viewed as unprecedented. In the Sea of Japan, for instance, Nomuras jellyfish are known to have drifted in from the south in large numbers three times during the twentieth century: in 1920 1958 and 1995. Beginning in 2002, however, they have turned up every summer but one, and in astonishingly high numbers. In 2005, one of the worst years, up to 500 million Nomuras jellyfish were reported to be drifting into the sea each day.

Several factors have now been identified as possible contnbutions to the increased success of jellyfish worldwide. One of the leading suspects is the human exploitation of fish and other marine resources. Something that has intensified in recent decades partly because of advances in large-scale seafood harvesting and processing techniques. Only a handful of species are thought to prey directly on jellyfish, and most of these predators—including giant sea turtles—are becoming increasingly rare. The main impact of overfishing, though, may stem from the reduction of filter-feeding fish such as sardines and anchovies, which eat the same food as jellyfish. In the southern Atlantic waters off Namibia where overharvesting has resulted in the complete collapse of a once-thriving sardine fishery, unusually large numbers of jellyfish are now a permanent feature of the near-shore marine ecosystem.

At the same time, jellyfish seem to thrive under conditions that are becoming increasingly widespread because of human-associated activities. Although the theory is highly specutative and still under debate, global warming and acidification of the oceans a result of more carbon dioxide dissolving in the water—may be two such factors. Jellyfish love warm water, for one thing. And at least one study, from the North Sea, has reported finding a connection between greater jellyfish abundance and higher acid levels.

Another environmental change, and one that is more firmly linked to expanding jellyfish populations, is eutrophication, the process by which water becomes enriched with dissolved nutrients, resulting in more aquatic plant life and, subsequently, reduced levels of oxygen. Eutrophication occurs in near-shore ocean waters close to large human population centers and the mouths of large rivers. A strong correlation exists between blooms of algae and other plankton, caused by excessive nutrients from sewage and fertilizer runoff, and jellyfish eruptions. One example is the waters off the southern United States coast. Nutrient-enriched waters from the Mississippi River have created in the Gulf of Mexico a massive dead zone (ocean area with low oxygen levels).

Whle fish and other aquatic life-forms are finding survival increasingly challenging, jellyfish such as moon jellyfish and sea nettles are becoming increasingly numerous. This is not really surprising. A checklist of jellyfish traits-good survival rates during periods of starvation, rapid reproductlon, diverse diet, ability to feed in murky water, capacity for surviving under low oxygen conditions typical of dead zones-reveals that these seemingly fragile organisms are actually tough life-forms ideally suited to survive in disturbed environments. According to the National Science Foundation, the main science-funding agency in the United States there are currently 400 known ocean dead zones where almost nothing lives except jellyfish.

Finally, like many other marine invasive species, jellyfish have benefited from the globalization of human trade. Many species are hardy enough to survive in the ballast water of ships, and jellyfish polyps can attach themselves to their hulls. Because of this, jellyfish species are being inadvertently introduced into new aquatic habitats. One of the best examples involves the warty comb jelly (Mnemiopsis Ieidyi ), a species that likely made its way into the Black Sea for the first time m 1982. Since then this highly adaptable organism has been thriving; its original nonnative range has expanded to include not just the Black Sea but also the Caspian, Balbc and North seas.

太阳系有秩序的特点导致天文学家认为整个太阳系是同一时间来自同一物质(太阳星云)形成的。某种外部力量(比如来自超新星爆炸的冲击波)诱发了太阳星云的倾塌，导致其内陷收缩，最终引力产生的内缩和旋转产生的外扩达到平衡，形成了盘状的原始太阳。在太阳星云倾塌期间，万有引力的收缩导致内部温度上升，使得太阳星云内部的尘粒裂解为分子原子，但外部(火星以外的区域)的温度仍然很低，很多尘粒表面覆盖着冰体。

太阳的形成标志着太阳星云的引力收缩结束，因此升温也结束了，内部温度的下降使得高熔点的元素首先冷凝，如铁镍等金属和岩石类元素凝固出现，形成金属岩石块，彼此撞击聚合，形成原始行星体，之后成为太阳系的内部行星。由于内部行星和太阳星云碎屑的高速撞击产生很大热量，使得内部行星温度较高，并且由于自身引力场较低，所以无法吸引较轻的气体。太阳系内部行星形成的同时，外部行星也在形成，由于远离太阳温度较低，外部行星的主要成分是冰体，这也解释了它们为什么体积庞大密度低。