2、学术写作中避免使用缩写(Contractions)和简写(Abbreviation) isn t 要写成 is not doesn t 要写成 does not can t 要写成 cannot they re 要写成 they are 一些英文简写表达同理要写全,比如lab写成laboratory,ad写成advertisement,dorm写成dormitory。
3、学术写作中尽量不省略 定语从句和宾语从句中的关系词尽量不省略: This is one of the best movies that I have ever seen. (不省that更正式) The author believes that the three methods are effective to solve the problem. (不省that更正式) 其他一些省略形式比如not only … but also…,非正式表达中also常常可以省略,而学术英语中尽量不省略。
4. 学术写作中单个动词比动词短语要正式。 A survey has been carried out by scientists to prove the hypothesis. (非正式) A survey has been conducted by scientists to prove the hypothesis. (正式)
5. 学术写作中名词化(nominalization)是更正式的表达。 Scientists are interested in the research. (非正式) Scientists show great interest in the research. (正式)
6. 学术写作中避免使用 I,you之类的表达主观的人称代词(除非全篇表达个人观点处可以写) You should never judge a person by his/her appearance. (非正式) One should never judge a person by his/her appearance. (正式)
7. 学术写作中非谓语动词形式比状语从句更正式 Although this is granted to be true, we cannot explain the scientific principles. (较为不正式) Granting this to be true, we cannot explain the scientific principles. (更正式)